Wheel Adapters

The film cassette, was purchased in a foreign country, probably not in your VCR and the game will not be able to see on your TV. It 'also true vice versa. Video standards vary from country to country. There are three types of video standards used around the world, and these are, PAL, NTSC and SECAM. PAL standard used in Western Europe, South America, Australia, New Zealand, India and China. South America with derivatives of the PALPAL-M, PAL-N, PAL with the United States with the National Television Standards Committee (NTSC). SECAM is the standard in France and some other surrounding countries, in France, once under French colonial rule. All parts of the world, uses a mixture of these standards, and as a result of the videotape from a part of the country noted that the current standard in the second.

It is interesting, but why was this difference in standards for the first timecreated. At work, TV receivers have a source of timing reference field. The schedule so that TV signals for the next image in a coordinated manner, is said to receive TV signals to be ready to receive the next image in the stream of images. At the beginning of the consideration for the initial design designers decided to television network frequency as a source for generating the synchronization signals. The decision to this effect had two excellentReasons.

 In old designs of power, would be the rolling hums in television picture tubes, that because of an imbalance of power supply of television frequencies occur with failure of the supply voltage.

 The cameras in those days had a lot of flickering a serious problem occurs when you record programs.

There are two main approaches to power frequency used in the world – 50 Hz and 60 Hz This immediately divided the world into various televisionStandard, with one to 25 frames per second (50 Hz) and the second, 30 frames per second (60 Hz). At a later stage, was the frequency of 60Hz standard 59.94Hz color signals properly. The question in the form of the band remained in the project, even after the original is gone, for technical reasons. The biggest problem regarding TV standards remain related to the area to vote, and it is difficult to find a solution.

Besides the difference between the standards to 50Hzand 60 Hz, the division further result, since television has come in the paint, most of the 60 Hz countries started a technology called NTSC standard in the U.S. is prepared by a committee called the National Television Standards Committee. With NTSC video or closed circuit environment works perfectly, while a radio environment, a color display in different colors, with this standard.

Most countries with 50Hz as their main power frequencyPAL. It's not that PAL is the only color system as standard with the main frequency of 50Hz-line, the French have developed their own SECAM (Sequential Couleur Avec Memorie) standard. Did so for political reasons, mainly to protect its own television producers. SECAM has been adopted by most countries of Eastern Europe, to persuade him with their Western counterparts.

PAL Technology

PAL technology was developedGermany by Walter Bruch, and was introduced in 1967. This is an analog video format used in television transmission and is also in Europe, Australia and used in some Asian, African and South American countries. In Europe – France, Bulgaria, Russia, Yugoslavia and other Eastern European countries, the main technology focus SECAM. PAL uses 625 lines per image, with a refresh rate of 25 frames per second, inter-lacing. This feature improves the image interlacingQuality without time-consuming bandwidth. In the PAL system, each frame is composed of two fields, called half frame. In each of these two areas is the first all straight lines and the second shows the odd lines in this 625 These two areas are shown one after another, and there are 50 fields per second, 50 Hz confirming the power spectrum .

There are variants in PAL. PAL-M is a combination of PAL and NTSC with 525 lines per frame for60Hz. This standard is used in Brazil, while PAL-N is another variant of PAL, with a narrow bandwidth and the standard used in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay. United Kingdom with the other variant of PAL, PAL-I, with other European countries with the PAL B / G, PAL 60 is NTSC and uses 59.94 fields per second. E 'especially for NTSC video or DVD for use on a PAL TV.

NTSC Technology

Video standard in the United States have been on national televisionStandards Committee, which means that NTSC coming soon. This standard has been adopted in other countries, like Japan. Standard NTSC is 29.97 interlaced video frames a given time, often up to 30 frames per second, with 525 lines per frame. Of these 525 lines are used 480 lines of vertical resolution, and the rest of sync, vertical piece, and other data such as subtitles. Scan lines in NTSC are linked to the two areas are scanned with oddStraight lines and / o. This provides a flicker on the nearby screen to 59.94 Hz refresh rate, which drops to 60 cycles at 1.001 seconds using. This is close to 60 Hz alternating current in the United States.

When you try to convert from NTSC to PAL or SECAM, the most difficult part is the difference between the framerate of the three. During the conversion, used equipment made to guess the contents of the in-between frames which introduce artifacts. This isclearly detectable by eyes. The frame consists of a package of information and the composite image, the 525 lines per frame in NTSC, up to 16 million colors. A composite signal would mean that there is a video signal that all the colors like red, blue and green contain signals, and can also record audio signals.

Radio interference is known to interfere with the transmission NTSC, then when the image is transferred to your TV screen, but the image is often lostColor Balance. This requires the intervention of a "tone" or "Hue" control on the sets NTSC, it is not necessary for the PAL and SECAM TV set. Even more, you can find some observers that the NTSC, which is the 525-line resolution of NTSC results in a lower quality than the hardware of the situation.

SECAM Technology

SECAM stands for séquentiel Couleur avec Mémoire, French for "sequential color with memory. This is an analog system, the frequency modulation (FM) used for encodingchrominance information. Stores information technology SECAM color lines in a memory. This does not mean that the color artifacts present in the NTSC system. SECAM to PAL developed as a basic design. In contrast to PAL, send red-yellow-yellow, blue, and the information in alternate lines and are combined with the storage of video lines.

SECAM, in France, was introduced in 1967 and is still used today. And 'even in countries that will be usedFrench colonies, and in some parts of eastern Europe, like Bulgaria, Hungary and the former Soviet Union. It was noted that this was politically motivated, especially with the limitation of the former Soviet Union of their broadcasts, along with his partner, Eastern Europe, his own people, making it impossible for most Eastern European television in wave outside the Iron Curtain was the most for the PAL.

Conversion – PAL to NTSC

The heart ofTransformation of the converter. There are many converters on the market in different qualities. There are vendors who will be your tapes to the appropriate standard for a fee to convert. By converting a PAL-NTSC standard, the most difficult part is the different number of lines and different frequencies of fields and images in video images contained in the two standards. Since the PAL has 625 lines at 50 fields per second and NTSC, with 525Lines at 60 fields per second, it is quite difficult to convert one another. In addition to the 60 fields per second to create a format of 50 fields per second is quite a challenging task. So, every second new 10 fields are generated from scratch. The converter is to create the new image output from PAL input signals in real time. Therefore, the conversion of an input at 50 frames per second PAL signal to 60 frames per second NTSC signal requires great skill,so that the information currently used to provide a quality conversion.

If there can be a video image to be organized as a series of individual picture elements or pixels on the screen as a grid, the number of lines which are taken as the number of rows displayed image. In order to interpolate the number of rows in output in the form of input, some mathematical methods is capable of output pixel with hue and brightness of each pixel participant.The interpolation algorithm enables a pixel to be on the side of the video input will be gathered and placed in an appropriate manner on the page output buffer.

Interpolation methods used for conversion conversion programs are very similar, except that the process is a report of three dimensions and these are the horizontal and vertical dimensions and the extra dimension of time to move between fields taken into account. This complicates the earlier thought the approach, which now thinks of 3Net Income of three-dimensional arrays. The third dimension is time, it will move from one field to another to be connected. Therefore, the relationship between input and output is complex.

When treating a motion effectively, you need to recognize the movement and direction in the first place. There are different types of conversion involved in this movement and the direction of her in various ways. The cheapest kind never bother with it. The next phase of the converteris the phenomenon that the proposal during the two fields in length, while the professional title of up to 6 fields. The largest number of monitored area, provide more accurate forecasts of the movement.

When you convert an NTSC-PAL with 625 lines at 25 frames per second and 525 lines at 30 frames per second and you will see that every second 100 lines are covered in the transformation process must be upheld. Dropping 100 lines, 5 additional images to be created. Incheap converters are only 100 lines down to 525 lines of PAL-625 also create a distance between the frames. In order to create 5 new images, has only repeated a single shot 5 times more efficient to put 5 photos. It works well until the image does not move and is moving.

Video is a dynamic media, and has spoken with the kind of transformation precisely, the effect is highly desirable. The more complex or convert measures the nature of the movement in the video, and thenUsing a complex algorithm dynamically produce a correct and well-compensated output.

Midrange transducer means of inter-field interpolation, I repeat to create a new framework not only an image, but by averaging adjacent fields. When converting from PAL to NTSC, there are two methods for these converters, one is 2-line, where the converter creates a new line of comparison only two lines, the 4-line, create 4 consecutive rows 5 Comparison Line . FromAverage lines adjacent rooms, the largest picture smear. There must be a compromise. With the increasing complexity is the price of the converter.

There are various other kinds of quite complex converters, which increase the production of producing better implemented than the cost of the converter. There are many suppliers of conversion from PAL to NTSC with the price back between $ 20 to $ 40 for a 120 minutes for 6 to 8 hours of play. If you have a videoBand in a foreign country, a country that uses PAL, you will find the tape with one of these suppliers, who have turned the tape on NTSC for your ad, with some of them offer discounts. Prices are usually no shipping costs.